sunnuntai 27. lokakuuta 2013

Does Gender Matter in Gambling Studies?

I attended the National Conference of Social Policy at the University of Tampere (FI).
With a research subject such as mine, it is not always easy to find an appropriate
working group. I was lucky, because Professors Leena Eräsaari (University of
Jyväskylä, FI) and Eeva Jokinen (University of Eastern Finland) organized a working
group on gender and marketization of services.

I presented a working paper on problem gambling from the intimates' point of
view. My purpose was to understand better women's habitus and agency
when the problem gambler is a husband/partner, child (underage or adult),
an elderly parent (mother or father) or a friend/colleague. It is quite interesting
to analyze how women take responsibility of the gambling problem and how
they seek help or treatment for the problem gambler. In the message data
that I use, women rarely ask help for themselves or for their children.

Gender is still a relatively invisible topic in gambling studies. Gender research
could benefit those who are interested in studying gamblers, problem gamblers,
intimates and other family members, youth gambling, elderly gambling and
marketing of gambling products. By gender I don't mean only women. It would
be interesting to study poker playing and its ideal of masculinity from a gender
perspective. It would also be interesting to study motherhood or fatherhood when
the child is gambling and losing. And what about the elderly problem gambler
who is chasing losses: how can an adult child help an old father who has
discovered online scratch cards?

Including gender into gambling studies would benefit researchers, but also
professionals who treat problem gamblers. If we think that girls don't gamble
and a typical female (problem) gambler is a little old lady at the bingo hall
or playing on a slot machine, we cannot understand why young good looking
women have become new faces of gambling advertisements. These young
women are not anymore simply part of poker players' entourage and hostesses
of online poker rooms. No, they are part of the gambling operators' dream world:
gambling is fun and girls just want to have fun!

Fortunately, gender itself is not considered as a funny (laughable?) research topic.
Perhaps it is less appreciated as such than public policy, gambling operation or
EU regulation in the gambling research field, but gender becomes an important
variable when we want to create typologies of gamblers and understand the context
in which gambling is made possible. Yes, a poker bot does not have a gender
and gender swap  is common online. Nevertheless, the topic of gender gives us
new perspectives on social life (i.e. socialization, social relations, attitudes and
opinions), gambling operation and treatment. It also promises a deeper
conception of social norms, cultural values and habits. A society cannot exist
without individuals and gender is not simply biology - it is a social
and cultural construction.

sunnuntai 20. lokakuuta 2013

Secret Poker Gatherings, Responsible Gambling, and Fear of Terrorism

The third Gambling Conference was held at the Ateneum Hall in Helsinki
(September 26, 2013). I had the pleasure to welcome great researchers and
thinkers on the behalf of THL (National Institute for Health and Welfare).
It is important to hear from the latest studies and share ideas with each other.
Gambling research is still in the making in Finland and it can get stronger by
learning from researchers who have been in the field for a longer time.

The first session focused on France. Virve Pöysti (researcher, PhD student,
University of Helsinki, FIN) compared French and Finnish online gambling
operation. It seems that France has discovered a way to maintain national
gambling operation despite the presence of licensed foreign online gambling
operators.Could this be the future of European gambling monopolies? Jeanne
Piedallu (PhD student, Paris Descartes University, FR) made us discover
secret poker gatherings, which are considered illegal in France. Gaming hosts
invite new poker players through online poker forums. Hosting a poker game
allows the person to benefit from a rake (and even make money), while
the players can play poker among 'disciples'. Piedallu was able to enter a very
masculine domain - chapeau!

In the second session the theme was public good. Professor Risto Eräsaari
(University of Helsinki, FIN) lead us in a theoretical universe to show us
the meaning of gamification in social life. Through Bruno Latour's, Georg
Simmel's and Norbert Elias's thoughts he analyzed different possible
conceptions of the term. In the 'code society' norms, values and clear roles
prevail, but in a postmodern society nothing is the same. When clear
roles disappear, performance becomes almost a mandatory way of living.
What is the name of the game then? In my presentation, I focused on cross
border gambling. Finland's Slot Machine Association will open its second
casino on the Finnish-Russian border. The border casino is an interesting case,
because it refers to gambling policy and regulatory differences in two countries.
What does EU legislation say about cross border gambling?

The third session emphasized the controversy of the responsibility issue
in the gambling field. Professor Linda Hancock (Deakin University, AU)
examined responsible gambling in Crown casino. One of the most
interesting themes of her lecture was the concept of informed choice.
How is it possible to make this type of choice, if the gambler is 'in the zone'?
Informed choice should be the basis of responsible gambling. Another
interesting topic was the issue of recognizing a problem gambling.
Should every casino have a 'Code of conduct in responsible gambling"?
Of course, but responsibility should also be part of every country's gambling
policy. Then Dr. Sytze Kingma (senior lecturer, VU University Amsterdam, NL)
continued on responsible gambling by using the example of Unibet.
Responsible gambling has many definitions and thus it has become a
controversial concept. In "The Gambling Complex", Kingma (2002)
has shown how the moral meaning of gambling has changed. According to
the prohibition model, gambling is a sin. The alibi model represents
gambling as a vice, and the risk model makes gambling look like
entertainment. Should we talk about "responsibilized" companies
and policies instead of responsible gambling as a matter of fact?

The last session was about politics and policies. Dr. Heidi Sinclair (research
fellow, University of Capetown, ZA) started with history: in South Africa
gambling was illegal until 1996 (except sports betting), but today there are 40
licensed casinos and 47 percent of the population gamble. The National
Responsible Gambling Programme started in 2000. Sinclair talked about the
first country-wide treatment study for pathological gambling. About 78 percent
of the participants were employed, and only about 18 percent unemployed. The
majority of the participants preferred casino gambling (slot machines and
table games). Pathological gambling had a serious impact on family and home life
of male and female respondents. Work life was less harmed by pathological
gambling behavior. The study had many interesting themes (e.g. family life)
that should be integrated in other surveys like the Finnish Gambling Survey.
Dr. Belle Gavriel Fried (faculty member, Bob Shapell  School of Social Work,
University of Tel-Aviv, IL) closed the conference with the unique example of
casino gambling in Israel. Suddenly gambling was something else than a vice, a
disease or a bit of fun: gambling was situated in a political context, where
cultural values and social norms prevail, and the fear of terrorism is always
present. It is quite unusual (at least in Europe) to relate gambling to terrorism.
But despite social, cultural, and religious differences,  Israelis and Palestinians
gambled for a while in Oasis Casino. What a peculiar place to meet?

Virve, Jeanne, Risto, Linda, Sytze, Heidi and Belle: thank
you so much for making this conference a success!

Helena, Minna, Mari and Eija: thank you for making
this conference happen! Without your expertise and kind help
I would be lost.

Crown Casino - Reviews:
http://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Attraction_Review-g255100-d258045-Reviews-Crown_Casino-Melbourne_Victoria.html

Unibet: Social and Responible Gaming:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwSL8mhsYcs

National Responsible Gambling Programme (South Africa):
http://www.responsiblegambling.co.za

Oasis Casino in Jericho:
http://blog.toursinenglish.com/2012/03/jericho-tour-casino.html